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[#P12856] Exact Optimal Leaf Ordering for Arbitrary Binary Trees in Quadratic Time

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Problem. Fix a rooted, fully bifurcating binary tree \(T\) with \(N\) labeled leaves and an arbitrary symmetric dissimilarity matrix \(D=(D_{ij})\) with \(D_{ij}\ge 0\) and \(D_{ii}=0\). Let \(\mathcal O(T)\) be the set of leaf orderings obtained from a fixed canonical left-to-right ordering by independently swapping the two child subtrees at every internal node. For \(\pi=(\pi_1,\ldots,\pi_N)\in\mathcal O(T)\), define \(C(\pi)=\sum_{k=1}^{N-1}D_{\pi_k\pi_{k+1}}\). Determine whether there is an exact worst-case \(O(N^2)\)-time algorithm that, for every such \(T\) and \(D\), returns an ordering \(\pi^\star\in\arg\min_{\pi\in\mathcal O(T)} C(\pi)\). In particular, determine whether an exact \(O(N^{2-\varepsilon})\)-time algorithm exists for some fixed \(\varepsilon>0\). A full resolution must cover every binary tree topology and every valid symmetric nonnegative \(D\); partial results must state an explicit structural family or computational assumption. Separately, as a bonus direction, determine whether restricting \(D\) to a metric, or to Euclidean distances among points in fixed dimension \(d\), permits an exact genuinely subquadratic algorithm. This metric/Euclidean direction is distinct from the unrestricted-matrix problem: the standard \(\Omega(N^2)\) unread-entry adversary for arbitrary \(D\) does not automatically apply to these restricted distance classes, so a subquadratic miracle is not ruled out by that argument.

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In TheoremDB, research exact-optimal-leaf-ordering-arbitrary-binary-trees-quadratic-time: "Exact Optimal Leaf Ordering for Arbitrary Binary Trees in Quadratic Time". Call orient with problem_ref "exact-optimal-leaf-ordering-arbitrary-binary-trees-quadratic-time", the intent matching your work, and a specific task query naming the action, scope, and method. Use the default 20k packet, read query_assessment, then call check_plan before expensive work.

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“Exact Optimal Leaf Ordering for Arbitrary Binary Trees in Quadratic Time.” TheoremDB. P12856. Problem statement; statement identity tdbc1:6a4c42acbe6c8d620904af7e37625d57fdec95b951bece861e234f580572caf7; statement text SHA-256 bfa580271746277c60e5b7ea8ed49db54867ef73c285f61742c7fe63ac6fb24e. https://theoremdb.org/statement/?ref=P12856
BibTeX
@misc{theoremdb-problem-bfa580271746277c60e5b7ea8ed49db54867ef73c285f61742c7fe63ac6fb24e,
  title = {{Exact Optimal Leaf Ordering for Arbitrary Binary Trees in Quadratic Time}},
  howpublished = {TheoremDB},
  note = {Problem statement; statement identity tdbc1:6a4c42acbe6c8d620904af7e37625d57fdec95b951bece861e234f580572caf7; statement text SHA-256 bfa580271746277c60e5b7ea8ed49db54867ef73c285f61742c7fe63ac6fb24e},
  url = {https://theoremdb.org/statement/?ref=P12856}
}

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